Исследование свойств самодвойственных комбинационных устройств с контролем вычислений на основе кодов Хэмминга

Рассматривается новый подход к синтезу самопроверяемых устройств, основанный на контроле вычислений контролируемыми объектами с помощью кодов Хэмминга, проверочные символы (контрольные биты) которых описываются самодвойственными функциями. При этом структура работает в импульсном режиме, что фактические основано на внесении временнóй избыточности при построении самопроверяемого устройства. Это, к сожалению, приводит к некоторому снижению быстродействия, однако существенно повышает характеристики контролепригодности, что особенно актуально для устройств и систем критического применения, входные данные для которых изменяются не столь часто. Дается краткий обзор методов построения схем встроенного контроля на основе свойства самодвойственности вычисляемых функций. Приведены основные структуры организации схем встроенного контроля. Отмечены предполагаемые пути развития теории синтеза схем встроенного контроля на основе проверки принадлежности вычисляемых функций классу самодвойственных булевых функций. Установлены все возможные значения числа информационных символов для кодов Хэмминга, которые будут обладать свойством самодвойственности функций, описывающих контрольные биты. Кодеры таких кодов Хэмминга будут являться самодвойственными устройствами. Так как функции, описывающие контрольные биты кодов Хэмминга, являются линейными, то для того, чтобы они были самодвойственными необходимо, чтобы в каждой из них использовалось нечетное количество аргументов. Доказано, что число разрядов кодовых слов кодов Хэмминга с самодвойственными контрольными функциями равно n=3+4l, l∈N0. Приводятся результаты моделирования самодвойственных устройств со схемами встроенного контроля по двум диагностическим признакам в среде Multisim. Предложен способ модификации структуры контроля вычислений по двум диагностическим признакам, позволяющий использовать любой линейный блоковый код (не обязательно код Хэмминга). Он основан на дооснащении кодера устройством преобразования функций в самодвойственные. Фактически это устройство для формирования модифицированного кода. Доказано, что для получения модифицированного кода Хэмминга с самодвойственными контрольными функциями для случаев n≠3+4l, l∈N0, достаточно сложить по модулю M=2 несамодвойственную контрольную функцию с функцией старшего информационного бита

Transformations of Consumer Behaviour In The "New" Economy

The aspects of the "new" economy development at the macro level and in individual companies have been addressed in the works by leading researchers (G.B. Kleiner, D.E. Sorokin, M. Castells, P. Himanen). However, the usual focus is on producers and not substantially on the transformations of consumer behaviour while changes in consumer motivations and behaviour factors transform producer patterns. The purpose of this paper is to establish the trends, motives, and factors of consumer behaviour in the emerging "new" economy and to analyse their influence on the Russian economic potential in implementing its major technology development priorities. Considering the above purpose, the paper addresses the following objectives: major aspects of the "new" economy are identified and profiled; key transformations of consumer markets in the world and in Russia are analysed; Russian consumer patterns are analysed; strategic ways to improve the competitiveness of Russian companies are substantiated, considering transforming consumer behaviours. The main methods of the study include the statistical, comparative, dynamic, coefficient, and structural research methods. The trends in consumer behaviour are identified, including the intensifying influence of moral, informational, technological, and intellectual principles. The paper analyses the sources and factors of consumer behaviour under the consistent implementation of information, technological, and innovation activities. The logical link is established between consumer behaviour and the competitiveness of companies. It is pointed out that most major companies in developed economies focus their competitive efforts not on inherent but rather acquired competitive advantages, such as intellectual and technological factors. This reflects the consumer focus on aestheticisation, symbolisation, informatisation, standardisation, humanisation, technologisation, and ecologisation of product consumption. Given the above trends, capital, as a production factor, gives way to information, knowledge, and intellectual capacities

Financial and economic mechanisms of promoting innovative activity in the context of the digital economy formation

International audienceThe paper analyzes some financial, tax, information, communication, infrastructural, technological and organizational mechanisms of innovative activity promotion in conditions of transition to a digital economy. End-to-end technologies including "Big Data", "New Production Technologies", "Quantum Technologies", "Technologies of Virtual and Augmented Realities", the possibilities of their application in various sectors of the national economy were singled out and analyzed. The role of end-to-end technologies in the development of the Russian economy and promotion of innovative activities of companies was studied. A comparative analysis of the main indicators of informatization of the society of Russia and some leading foreign countries for the period of 2005-2015 was carried out. The conclusions were made about an insufficient use of the Internet in Russia, primarily in rural areas, which hindered the social progress of Russian society. The leading role of digital (information) technologies in solving social problems, including education, social services and healthcare, was defined. The necessity of development of electronic services in the sphere of education and health was proved. Ways of cluster development based on the example of the Kaluga Region in the development of digital technologies were studied. The influence of development institutions on stimulating innovation activity in Russia was analyzed

Reprint of: Benthic and planktic community changes at the North Siberian margin in response to Atlantic water mass variability since last deglacial times

The eastward penetration of Atlantic-derived water (ADW) into the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean was investigated at the western Laptev Sea continental margin for the time since c. 17.6 ka. Using a high-resolution investigation of the lithology, geochemistry, planktic and benthic foraminifers, and ostracods on a sediment core from 270 m water depth major steps in the environmental evolution of the region are recognized. In general, ADW was continuously present in the study area. Between 17.6 and 15.4 ka ADW manifested itself through open-water polynyas and associated upwelling events. Comparison between the Laptev Sea and northern Svalbard shelf using Cassidulina neoteretis allows assuming an unmodified subsurface inflow of ADW within its northern branch between 15.4 and 13.2, which was strongest after 14.7-ka and in line with the overall climate amelioration. A local freshwater event at 13 ka followed by shelf flooding and the establishment of a freshened shelf water mass resulted in an off-shelf displacement of ADW from the studied site as suggested by the disappearance of C neoteretis between 12 and 7 ka. As evidenced by an abundance peak in Nonion labradoricum, the sea-ice marginal zone was located at the site around 12-11 ka but then shifted northward during the early Holocene warming. Enhanced ADW inflow since 7 ka correlated with climate cooling and southward retreat of the seasonal drift-ice margin. The inflow of ADW during mid-late Holocene differed from deglacial times because of the combined influence of northern and eastern ADW branche

Interval Hypoxic Training in Rehabilitation Program for Adolescents with Overweight / Obesity and Comorbid Arterial Hypertension: Open-Label Randomized Study

Background. Searching for new strategies for the rehabilitation of adolescents with obesity and comorbid arterial hypertension (AHT) before significant pathological changes development in the cardiovascular system remains the urgent challenge. Objective. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of interval hypoxic training (IHT) on blood pressure (BP) levels in adolescents with overweight / obesity and comorbid AHT. Methods. Adolescents aged 14-17 years with body mass index SDS ≥ 1 and grade I AHT (mean level of systolic and/or diastolic BP ≥ 95th percentile for population of corresponding age, sex and height) have been randomized to the group «aerobic training» (treadmill walking) and “aerobic training + IHT” (usage of hypoxicator in intermittent operation cycles). All patients were on subcaloric diet (10% reduction in caloric intake for given age). Primary outcome measure was the difference between groups on systolic/diastolic BP levels according to 24-hour BP monitoring after completion of training program (10 classes each). The effects of IHT on body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis), heart rate variability and psychoemotional state (Spielberger scale, assessment of health, activity and mood) were further estimated. Results. 43 patients were assigned to the index group, and 42 — to the control group. 67 patients have completed the research program. 5 patients (12%) from the IHT group and 13 patients (31%; p = 0.029) from the control group prematurely discontinued participation in the trial due to poor exercise tolerance. The groups were comparable in baseline systolic and diastolic BP. Decrease in BP occurred in both groups after 10 workouts. There were no differences in decrease value: mean difference for SBP was 2.4 mm Hg (95% CI -6.6 ... 1.8), for DBP — 0.2 mm Hg (-3.6 ... 4.0). However, the incidence of reaching the targeted SBP (< 95th percentile for the corresponding age and sex) after completion of the treatment was recorded in 66% patients in the experimental group and in 42% patients in the control group (p = 0,047). Positive dynamics in several indicators of heart rate variability and psychoemotional state were mentioned in the IHT group. Conclusion. The IHT implementation in the complex of rehabilitation program for adolescents with overweight / obesity and AHT has no additional positive effect on BP levels. However, the incidence of reaching the targeted SBP (< 95th percentile for the corresponding age and sex) after completion of the treatment was recorded in 66% patients in the experimental group and in 42% patients in the control group (p = 0,054)